Does the process of getting saved consist solely of one glorious moment of salvation (first work of Grace), or does it encompass two magnificent transformations (first and second works of Grace) which are unequal in its grandeur?
The question imagines imagines a divine journey with two steps that ignites the flames of passion and love for God. The first step is getting saved and the second step is having one’s soul graciously saturated with the Holy Spirit.
Now, there are three major perspectives on this subject of Second Work of Grace.
- Wesleyan Perspective
- Holiness Movement and
- Keswick Theology.
John Wesley who gave us Wesleyan perspective is widely recognized as the brilliant mind behind the concept of two distinct phases of grace in the Christian experience: the first and the second.
- In the first work of grace, the new birth, the believer received forgiveness of sin and becomes a Christian.
- In the second work of grace, entire sanctification, the believer is purified and made holy.
This doctrine of Second Work of Grace highlights the two potential for believers to achieve a profound level of holiness in their lives;
- An instantaneous experience, or
- The result of a gradual process.
According to Wesleyan theology, the concept of entire sanctification refers to a state in which original sin is completely removed from individuals, resulting in a lack of internal temptation to commit sin. Presumably, those who have experienced entire sanctification possess a transformed will, which prevents them from backsliding into sin or falling into apostasy. Now, the subject of apostasy ignites fervent discussions and fuel the flames of passionate debate. The critical question being: Can one truly lose the precious gift of salvation? In the shadow of John Calvin’s resolute teachings, a powerful and compelling argument emerges. One’s salvation cannot indeed be lost. According to John Wesley, it is possible to lose salvation even after experiencing the divine touch of the Holy Ghost and basking in the glorious light of sanctification. Everyone must remain ever vigilant. The siren song of apathy and complacency can lure the faithful astray, plunging them into the treacherous abyss of sin. In Calvin’s camp, should such a thing as stumbling happen, all is not lost for salvation is a precious gift bestowed by the boundless grace of the Almighty, that cannot be lost.
The Holiness movement, born amidst the turbulent tides of the 1860s, holds steadfastly to a different vision. Passionate preachers in these hallowed halls of Holiness traditions proclaim sanctification as an instantaneous experience. Yes, my friend, they wholeheartedly believe that it is within our grasp to attain complete sanctification, in both gradual and sudden manifestations. The fires of devotion burn brightly, igniting the yearning within every devout soul to seek this holy transformation.
Within these radiant traditions, the pursuit of sanctification is not merely a directive, but a fervent exhortation. The ardent followers of this path believe that each and every believer should strive with unwavering determination to consecrate themselves wholly to the Divine. Indeed, surrendering oneself entirely to the boundless grace of the Almighty is essential, for it is through this resolute act of surrender that the Almighty’s abundant blessings will flow, manifesting themselves in every aspect of life.
Keswickian theology teaches a second work of grace that occurs through “surrender and faith“, in which God keeps an individual from sin. Keswick movement, also known as the Higher Life movement originated from the landscapes of England’s esteemed Lake District during the early 19th century. This theological movement has left an enduring imprint on countless individuals. At the heart of Keswick, a town imbued with deep spiritual devotion, unfolds an annual week-long gathering of unparalleled significance—the esteemed Keswick Convention. Since its inception in 1875, this sacred gathering has served as a catalyst for divine awakening, reshaping the beliefs and practices of all who attend. The illustrious legacy of the Keswick movement, spanning from 1875 to 1920, has laid the foundation for what we now revere as “Keswick theology.” This profound theology, was influenced by revered figures, such as;
- John Wesley,
- Charles Finney, and
- Hannah Whitall Smith.
Significant proponents of Keswick theology include
- Evan H. Hopkins (Keswick’s formative theologian),
- H. Moule (Keswick’s scholar and best theologian),
- F. B. Meyer (Keswick’s international ambassador),
- Andrew Murray (Keswick’s foremost devotional author),
- J. Hudson Taylor and
- Amy Carmichael (Keswick’s foremost missionaries),
- Frances Havergal (Keswick’s hymnist),
- W. H. Griffith Thomas, and
- Robert C. McQuilkin (leaders of the victorious life movement).
People who were influenced by Keswick theology include
- Leaders of the Christian and Missionary Alliance (A. B. Simpson),
- Moody Bible Institute (D. L. Moody and R. A. Torrey), and
- Dallas Seminary (Lewis Chafer and Charles Ryrie).
Keswickian denominations, such as the Christian and Missionary Alliance, differ from the Wesleyan-Holiness movement in that the Christian and Missionary Alliance does not see entire sanctification as cleansing one from original sin, whereas holiness denominations espousing the Wesleyan-Arminian theology affirm this belief. The basic teaching of Keswick heology is that the Christian life consists of two primary crises (or major turning points):
- Justification and
- Sanctification,
…both of which happen at different times in the life of the believer. After salvation one must have another encounter with the Spirit; otherwise, he or she will not progress into holiness or the “deeper” things of God.
This second encounter with the Spirit, in Keswick terminology, is called “entire sanctification,” “the second blessing,” or “the second touch.” This emphasis on a second, post-salvation experience corresponds with the Pentecostal idea of the “baptism” of the Spirit. Some Keswick teachers would even say that sinless perfection is possible after one receives the “second blessing.”
CRITIQUE OF KESWICK THEOLOGY
Although it is true that both justification (i.e., getting saved) and sanctification (i.e., becoming more like Christ) are vital aspects of the Christian life, overemphasizing the distinction between them tends to produce two different “classes” of Christian—
- Those who are not being sanctified and
- Those who are being sanctified.
According to Keswick theology, we can decide which camp we belong in, and the initiation of sanctification is something that depends on us after we are saved. The tendency for theological error resulting from overemphasizing one side of a debate versus another has been demonstrated time and time again throughout church history. For example, the well-known debate between Calvinists and Arminians is frequently seen (somewhat inaccurately) as a “conflict” between God’s sovereignty and man’s autonomous free will. Many on both sides of this debate have a tendency to overemphasize one side of this “conflict” to the exclusion of the other. Those who emphasize God’s sovereignty tend to minimize human volition, while those who emphasize man’s ability to choose end up burdening themselves and others with the charge to behave perfectly before the Lord. In reality, both God’s sovereignty and man’s volition must be held in tension with one another, because both are taught in Scripture.
Scripture tells us that all those who are saved (justified) are also being sanctified. God promises to finish the work He began in us (Philippians 1:6). This can be problematic to a Keswikian. Keswick theology says that one could be a genuine Christian and still say something like, “I have been justified, but I am not being sanctified, because I don’t see the need to be right now. I’m a Christian, surely; I’m just not as dedicated as others might be.” Of course, Scripture tells us that such an attitude is really evidence that the person speaking is not a believer (1 John 2:3–4).
Overall, the Keswick movement has some commendable points—an emphasis on the lordship of Christ and personal holiness, discipleship, and a promotion of missionary activity. For now, my conviction is that sanctification is a long, gradual, and sometimes tortuous process, and it is something that all believers will experience.